Domestic Violence And Violence Against Women - 1662 Words

The dictionary definition of domestic violence is, â€Å"Violent confrontation between family or household members involving physical harm, sexual assault, or fear of physical harm†. Domestic violence takes place in many forms, including physical assault, threats, sexual abuse, intimidation, etc. Domestic violence destroys the meaning behind a home and the feeling of a safe environment. No one man, woman, or child deserves to be abused. The abuser is the one who should take responsibility of the violence occurring, not the victim. The reason I say this is because most of the time the victim of the relationship is looked down upon and blamed because â€Å"they asked for it†. One of the most frequent human rights violations in the world is violence against women. There is a large amount of evidence that women are subjected to domestic violence significantly more often than men. The situation can become worse if she is economically or socially dependent on the abuser, which is the case in most situations. Violence against women should not only be considered a human rights violation, but also a form of discrimination against women. The United States takes precautions and creates laws against domestic violence for women; however, the social views on domestic violence vary, in many places outside the West, the concept in general is very poorly understood. This is because in most of these countries, the relation between the husband and wife is not considered one of equals, but instead oneShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence And Violence Against Women2254 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Domestic violence is a type of abuse by one or both partners in marriage, friends, family, dating or cohabitation† (Aziz Mahmoud, 2010). There are many forms of abuse from verbal and emotional to physical that often escalates over time in intensity for the victim. Data from the criminal justice system, hospital patient medical records and mental health records, police reports, surveys and social services reports of thousands of women revealed that many are injured and killed as aRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women815 Words   |  4 Pagesrecent data available from 2015, it was disclosed that nearly 92,000 Canadians had report to the police an incident related to domestic violence; of this number, 80% of them were women (Burczycka, 2017). It is then no surprise that intimate partnership violence has been found to be one of the major causes of violence against women in Canada (Ministry of the Status of Women, 2015). Many agencies focus on supporting directly the fe male victims and providing them with secured shelters and safe spacesRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women966 Words   |  4 Pages Domestic Violence against Women Name Course Instructor Institution Date of submission Domestic Violence against Women Domestic violence is known in different ways, which are domestic abuse, intimate partner or battering. Domestic violence occurs in a relationship between intimate people. It can take many forms including sexual and physical abuse, threat of abuse and emotional. Domestic violence is mostly directed towards women, though men are abused but chances are minimal. Domestic violence happensRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Men and Women1449 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Violence against Men and Women Sandra Marable Kaplan University CM-220 Professor Freiteg May 20, 2013 Whenever the thought of domestic violence comes to mind, more than often the visual picture is a women or a child. However, there is another side that has been ignored because it is pushed under the rug. The unfortunate fact is that men are the victims of domestic violence at least as often as women are. While the very idea of men is being beaten by their wivesRead MoreThe Issue Of Domestic Violence Against Women1497 Words   |  6 PagesOver the last 50 years the world has made huge strides against the issue of domestic violence against women. While this may seem like a great moral victory for us as a society we have a long way to go before the issue is under control. The very image of a man striking a woman immediately strikes a chord with most of us, causing great discomfort. If we switch the roles however the same proverbial chord lies there dormant. In fact when a man is struck in a movie by a woman it is often displayedRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women And Children 1115 Words   |  5 PagesWomen aren’t the only victims of domestic violence. Society must recognise, support and protect all victims of domestic violence. Good morning everyone. Victoria’s CSA chief statistician Fiona Dowsley states domestic violence reports in Victoria have topped 70,000 cases in the last year. With these results it would be assumed that they would be directly related to women. Since the recent illegalisation of domestic violence results show that women and children aren’t the only victims. Domestic violenceRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Indigenous Women947 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle â€Å"Domestic violence against indigenous women is everybody’s problem† domestic violence is depicted as a serious social problem that involves â€Å"unspeakable acts of violence† that leaves victims experiencing fear and despair (Taylor 2014). More specifically, the social construction of domestic violence will be discussed with an emphasis on Aboriginal women and a typology of intimate partner violence. The social construction of domestic violence has serious implications for victims of domestic abuseRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Act1639 Words   |  7 Pagesfederal government to take part in the battle against domestic violence. This new law, named the VAWA, acknowledged that violence against women is a crime with far-reaching, harmful consequences for families, children and society (Domestic and Sexual Violence Data Collection, A Report to Congre ss under the Violence Against Women Act, 1 [NIJ Research Report 1996]). To fight this violent crime problem, VAWA made federal domestic violence crimes to be act against by the Department of Justice. Reliable withRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women And Girls1600 Words   |  7 Pageshuman rights, to support and help survivors of violence, to explain why violence against women and girls is not acceptable, and to ensure that perpetrators are prosecuted and punished. This was spoken by the Minister for Equality and Ecclesiastical Affairs and the Minister for Development Cooperation in Denmark. The country of Denmark is a small nation that faces the problem of domestic violence. To comprehend the issue of domestic violence against women in Denmark, it is important to understand theRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Essay2203 Words   |  9 Pagesof Violence against Women (1993) defines violence against women as any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. (UN General Assembly 1993). It is violence in private life that comprises domestic violence against women. Also called Intimate Partner Abuse and Family Violence, it

Women in Islam Free Essays

Article Summary This article examines the issue of women’s rights in Islam by introducing Islam and women’s rights in several different Muslim countries, such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Indonesia. -The women in Islam are often viewed as a poor one, having to do whatever her husband, brother or father commands her to do. -This view is usually based on things picked up from what westerners see in the papers or on TV. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Islam or any similar topic only for you Order Now -Not all Islamic countries follow the Qur’an and Ahadith as they say they are. (ex. In some of Islamic countries, it is acceptable for women to not cover their faces, women can drive, etc. -While female circumcision is not condoned by the Qur’an, it is still practiced in some predominantly Muslim areas in Africa. Egypt -The Women’s Rights Union started to have an impact on the ruling class of Egypt. -The Egyptian government signed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) bill in 1981. -Gave women equal access to education, employment and work opportunities, equal pay for equal work and social security. Egyptian civil law, in accordance with Islamic law, gives women the right to possess, control and inherit property. -Unfortunately, women’s rights are still not being fully implemented, due to the restrictions of tradition, the government’s lack of interest in enforcing the laws and women’s own lack of awareness of their rights. -This lack of education has led to women being refused owner ship of property and the right to divorce, despite legally being allowed to own property and divorce their husbands. Saudi Arabia -Women in Saudi Arabia are the victims of discrimination and human rights violations because of the gender bias in law, social mores and traditions. -They have gained some ground in terms of economic rights, but their civil and political rights are systematically violated. -Women in Saudi Arabia are not allowed to drive, leave the country without authorization from their husband or father, leave the house in unsuitable attire, hold high-ranking jobs or be involved in the government. It was not until 2000 that Saudi Arabian women were allowed their own ID cards; they had previously been registered on their husbands’ or fathers’ cards. -When investigations against women are carried out they are often conducted improperly and make use of unreliable evidence. Pakistan -Pakistan is a vast country with many laws in place to protect women’s rights. -Unfortunately, outside of the big cities, Pakistanis are generally ruled by tribal law rather than government al law. -Most laws prohibiting the mistreatment of women are ignored. Not all girls are punished with death; some have acid splashed into their faces instead, scarring them for life and sometimes causing blindness. -Pakistani legislation defines both adultery and rape as ‘sexual intercourse without being validly married’ and does not draw the distinction that one is forced while the other is not. -If a woman is raped and reports the crime or becomes pregnant, she has to prove that she was raped by either having the man’s admittance of the crime or four witnesses who saw the man force her into having sex. If not proven, she is charged with having an illicit sexual relationship with someone and is punished. -Pakistan does not have the personnel or equipment to do a proper forensic examination, so it comes down to witnesses and confession. -After one village or tribe has committed a perceived offence against another, the second village or tribe will try to gain â₠¬Ëœcompensation’. This involves rape and mutilation of women or the murder of entire families. -Girls from one of the tribes can be forced under threat to marry men from the other tribe. The most common method of abusing a girl is making her feel that she is displeasing God by refusing to marry the man her parents wish her to. -Women in Pakistan are generally only educated to a reasonable standard it from a wealthy family. -About 5% to 7% of women work, with low-paid jobs. Men and women are kept segregated in the workplace. Indonesia -Women in Indonesia are not as poorly treated as in other countries. -They have the right to own and sell property and livestock, to work, to choose to whom and when they get married and to divorce. -It is the women who propose marriage to a man, while men cannot propose at all. How to cite Women in Islam, Essay examples

Lewis and clark Essay Example For Students

Lewis and clark Essay Lewis and Clark are two names forever linked. These two names, the last names of Meriwether and William respectively, are that of two of the greatest explorers in the history of the United States. With the help of Indians and a group of brave men, the vast area west of the Mississippi River was the object of their exploration. Lewis was born to a Virginia planter family in 1774. His father, who had been an officer in the American Revolution, died when Lewis was five years old, and for a brief time he lived in Georgia when his mother moved there with her second husband. After assuming the management of his familys Virginia plantation, Lewis joined the state militia in 1794 to help put down the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania. He continued his military career as an officer in the regular army, serving on the frontier in Ohio and Tennessee, and rising to the rank of captain by 1801, when he accepted an invitation from President Thomas Jefferson, an old family friend, to serve as his private secretary. Even before the Louisiana Territory was purchased from France, Jefferson was ready to send an expedition into the frontier. In January of 1803 Congress approved a plan for an expedition. Jefferson had many reasons for employing the explorers. A boundless curiosity for botany, zoology, and geography was one of Jefferson’s main reasons. Also Jefferson wanted to establish communication and some interaction with the Indians. The purchase of the Louisiana Territory was an entirely unexpected outcome. Robert Livingston, an ambassador to France, was told to discuss the purchase of the port of New Orleans from France. After weeks of fruitless efforts to buy the port, Livingston got lucky. The French, in need of money to wage wars in Europe, offered him the entire Louisiana Territory. A surprised Livingston purchased the entire territory for fifteen million dollars. The Louisiana Purchase affected the expedition greatly. First, the party would be exploring their own country, a benefit that greatly pleased Lewis. The party was going to be limited to no more than fifteen men so that it would remain secret from Spain, who owned the land at the time the expedition was originally planned. Now the party could be expanded. With a much larger party, a second officer was needed. Lewis chose William Clark to be that officer. Clark was born into a Virginia plantation family in 1770, the youngest of six sons and the youngest brother of George Rogers Clark, the hero of the American Revolution in the West. When he was fourteen, Clarks family moved to a new plantation in Kentucky, and he would spend the rest of his life on Americas shifting frontier. Beginning in 1789, Clark served as a militiaman in campaigns against the Indians of the Ohio Valley. He became an officer in the regular army in 1792, and in 1794 fought in the battle of Fallen Timbers. Two years later he resigned from the army to manage his familys plantation. Clark had become a friend of Meriwether Lewiss when they served together at Fort Greenville, Ohio, in 1795, and quickly accepted his invitation to serve as second officer of the famed expedition. In preparation for the journey into the unmarked territory Lewis studied many subjects. He studied botany, zoology, geography, and the use of navigational instruments that would be needed along the way. Most importantly, he studied medicine. Studying with Dr. Benjamin Rush, Lewis learned how to treat common illnesses that he would encounter on the journey. Clark also studied many of the same subjects as Lewis including extensive research on cartography. This was helpful because Clark made the majority of the maps. Purchasing supplies was an especially difficult task because it was unknown to Lewis what would be needed in the unexplored land. Medicines, several tools, rope, guns, ammunition, blankets, clothes, kettle, cups, pens paper, and canned soup were some of the many things purchased for the trip. The canned soups were doubly useful because when finished the cans were melted into bullets. For transportation up the Missouri a keelboat was made. The characteristics looked for in the people volunteering to be apart of the expedition were strong, unmarried men with hunting, blacksmith, or carpentry backgrounds. Many of the men were from the military to protect the party from Indian attacks. The men would be paid ten dollars a month plus clothing and subsistence. When the expedition returned they would be granted immediate discharge. The men would also receive a portion of land equal to that given to officers in the Revolutionary war. Social Issues EssayThe waters of the Columbia River were very turbulent and full of narrow, rocky channels. The Chinook tribe thought to be hostile did not give the Corps any trouble. After a portage around the Cascades the climate changed. Rain became much heavier and the Corps were rained upon so heavily that their clothes rotted on their backs. The captains made the journey to the Pacific at different times but each reached the western most point in their trip. Sacagawea also reached the ocean when going along on a trip to see a beached whale. The rest of the Corps of Discovery stayed at Fort Clatsop for the winter. The temperature stayed above zero but the wet cloudy weather was just as bad. The meat spoiled within days and had to be eaten spoiled because of lack of food. On March 23, 1806 the Corps began the long journey home. The journey up the Columbia River was even fiercer. The Indians were not as willing to trade for horses. The Indians even stole form the Corps showing how little sympathy they had for the group. The Corps traded every possible thing they could spare for the horses and used there knowledge of medicine and healing to gain favor with the Indians. The Walla Walla tribe helped immensely. Giving food, a welcoming celebration, and many fine horses the Corps were back on their feet and ready to travel the Lolo Trail once again. Only this time the Corps traveled the shorter more direct route. At the Great Falls the Corps separated. Lewis led a group of men exploring Northeast of the falls and trying to make peace with the Blackfeet tribe and Clark led a group exploring the Bitterroot Valley. The two groups would meet at the mouth of the Yellowstone River. When the Corps reunited at the mouth of the Yellowstone River they journeyed to the Mandan Villages where the Corps lost four members of their group, the three members of the Charbonneau family and John Colter who joined a fur trading party. The Corps then traveled down the Missouri River to St. Louis and on September 23, 1806 the expedition ended. When in St. Louis Lewis wrote a letter to Jefferson about their arrival home. The Corps of Discovery were honored with parties, ceremonies, and balls. Captain Meriwether Lewis led an unsuccessful life after the expedition. Never marrying, Lewis entered into politics as the governor of the Upper Louisiana Territory; however, politics did not suit Lewis well. Lewis died of a gunshot wound in Tennessee. It is believed that he committed suicide. Captain William Clark became the militia leader of the Upper Louisiana Territory and the superintendent of Indian affairs in St. Louis before marrying Julia Hancock. Clark had four sons with Julia and when Julia died he married Harriet Kennerly and had two more sons. In 1838 at the age of sixty-eight Clark died of natural causes. The effects of the expedition were not evident right away but were great. The maps, drawings, and journals brought back by the Corps took some of the fear away from settlers wanting to move into the territory. The fur trade in the west was also expanded greatly by the expedition. The United States’ claim to the Oregon Country became stronger then Britain’s by virtue of their exploration and presence in the territory. The expedition could not have survived without the Indians. Despite this fact, however, the expedition hurt the Indians. The door was opened for American settlers to move into the territory and to try to force the Indians out of the territory. The west will forever be linked with Lewis and Clark, the two men who opened its doors. With undaunted courage and patriotic spirit these explorers survived an arduous journey through the uncharted lands of the Louisiana Territory and placed themselves among the greatest explorers of all time.

Oedipus Complex an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Oedipus Complex Oedipus complex is a term defined as a state wherein a child, specifically a boy, develops a lustful desire towards her mother and sees his father as a rival. The child feels the urge to compete with his father for his mothers love and attention. Sometimes they even develop evil thoughts of killing him. The counterpart of Oedipus complex, which involves girls developing desires for their fathers, is known as Electra complex. This theory is closely related to castration complex which is the early childhood fear of castration that Freud and Lacan both saw as an integral part of our psychosexual development (Felluga 2002). Oedipus complex was coined by a psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud, based on the story of King Oedipus by Sophocles. Need essay sample on "Oedipus Complex" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The story revolves on the life of Oedipus, a man destined to kill his father and marry his mother because of a prophecy. Because of this prophecy, his parents pierced his feet and sent him away to perish shortly after birth. He was adopted by the King and Queen of Corinth. Years after, he had suspicions about his true identity and left home to seek the truth. True to the oracles words, the prophecy came true. On his journey he unknowingly killed his father, the King of Thebes, and the Sphinx who terrorizes the kingdom. With an empty throne, the grateful people of Thebes offered Oedipus the position because he saved them from the Sphinx. Our Customers Usually Tell EssayLab support: I'm don't want to write my essay. Because I don't have the time Essay writer professionals suggest: Custom Essay Writing Company Writers For Hire Collage Papers For Sale Buy Papers Online He readily agreed and married the widowed queen who happens to be his real mother. He fathered four children by her. The truth about Oedipus unfolded because of a deadly plague. It is said that the plague would leave Thebes alone if the person who murdered the king would be punished. Oedipus soon learned that the old man he killed in the crossroad was King Laius, his father. Realizing what he had done, he blinded and exiled himself to death. Much of these Oedipus complex is said to be evident in one of William Shakespeares famous plays Hamlet. Hamlet is a story full of anger, revenge and deception. King Hamlet, the young Hamlets father, just died and shortly after his death his mother married his brother, newly crowned King Claudius. At the beginning of the play Hamlet saw the ghost of his father and revealed a horrible truth about his own death. The king was not bitten by a serpent. He was murdered. He was poisoned by his brother, King Claudius. Hamlet was fuming mad and swore to kill his uncle for revenge. He was more determined than ever to break his mothers marriage to the king. He decided to act insane so as to avoid suspicion while planning his revenge. He went to Ophelia, his love interest, and convinced her that he had gone mad. Ophelias father spread his theory that Hamlet had gone insane because Ophelia refuses to accept his love. The king and queen were disturbed by the news that Hamlet might be going insane. Then, Hamlet arranged actors to sort of re-enact the death of the king with the hopes of getting his uncle upset and guilty. As expected, King Claudius was angered and he ordered to stop the play. Having confirmed his suspicions, Hamlet went to see and warn his mother about this shortly after the play. Unknown to Hamlet, Polonius, Ophelias father and the kings friend, was hiding behind the curtains and eavesdropping on them. He killed him through the curtains thinking that he was King Claudius. The king soon realized that Hamlet was becoming a threat to him. He planned ways to kill Hamlet but to no avail. He sent him to England with two English men who were tasked to kill him. Hamlet was able to escape and went home. Then he tried to poison his wine but it was the queen who drank it. Finally, he sought the help of Laertes, Polonius son. He was to wound Hamlet with a poisoned sword. He readily agreed because he wants to avenge the death of his father and sister who committed suicide. He succeeded but he, too, was scratched with the same sword. On the verge of death, Leartes confessed that King Claudius was behind all this. Though wounded and weak, Hamlet still managed to stab his uncle with the poisoned sword. Moments later, he died. The play ended with Horatio, Hamlets dear friend, bidding him farewell. Although there is no direct reference that Hamlet has Oedipus complex, some parts of the play show some indications that he has a thing for his mother. He happens to be close to his mother. Thats probably one of the reasons why he seemed upset about his mothers marriage to his uncle right after the death of his father. She married. O, most wicked speed says Hamlet in Act I Scene 2 of the play. It is evident that he does not approve of his mothers early marriage to his uncle. But break, my heart; for I must hold my tongue, in this line we can feel Hamlets pain and frustration. It could be that he expects his mother to be fonder of him now that his father is gone. But then, Claudius came into the picture. He may be extremely jealous of his uncle and its heartbreaking for him to see the two of them together, especially now that he knows that Claudius killed his father. Though he disapproves of the queens decisions he cannot voice out his views as much as he wanted to. He knew that there would be grave consequences if he will give in to his forbidden feelings. When his father was still alive, Hamlet seems to be jealous of him too. "Must I remember? Why, she would hang on him, as if increase of appetite had grown" this line describes how his mother hungers for his fathers love and affection. There may be a tinge of bitterness in this statement. Now that his father is dead, he expected his mother to mourn longer considering the fact that she loved him dearly. In spite of the suspicions about Hamlet having Oedipus complex, his story revealed that he once fell in love and courted a lady named Ophelia. The sad part is that her father and brother does not approve of Hamlet. Even though she was beginning to let Hamlet sweep her off her feet, she chose to obey her familys advice rather reluctantly. Soon, she convinced herself that Hamlet is not the man for her when he appeared before her acting very strange. She lost hope on the promise of his love in later parts of the play when Hamlet said that he never really loved her. In fact, he told her many times to go to a nunnery. Maybe Hamlet really has Oedipus complex. He never showed Ophelia deep concern unlike his mother. There was never a scene in the play where he professed much attention and affection to her. He even denied giving her the gifts she was returning in one part of the play. He never talks about her the way he talks about his mother. In Act III Scene 4 of Hamlet, entitled The Queens Closet, Hamlet showed his disgust to his mother. He let all his suppressed emotions out. Hamlet was angry because his mother married his fathers murderer but for some reason instead of confronting her about this, he focused on his mothers sexuality (Anonymous 2002). He kept on stressing that she had sinned greatly being married to her husbands brother no sooner after his death, which clearly shows jealousy. He also said something about his mothers bed being all sweaty and stained with semen because of their love-making. He talked to her rudely and warned her to stay away from the king. Some of the lines goes like this; Good night: but go not to mine uncle's bed, Not this, by no means, that I bid you do: Let the bloat king tempt you again to bed; Pinch wanton on your cheek; call you his mouse; And let him, for a pair of reechy kisses, Or paddling in your neck with his damn'd fingers (Hylton 2000). Obviously, Hamlet does not want her mother to go to bed with his uncle or to even show him affection. Hamlets sexual thoughts and choice of words suggest that he has been thinking of his mother in a lustful way. He could even be fantasizing about her all this time. It is quite amazing that William Shakespeare was able to think of very controversial angles to his play. Who would have thought that long before psychoanalysts and psychologists formulated theories such as Oedipus complex, one of our greatest writers of all times already incorporated it in one of his master pieces. Work Cites: Anonymous (2006), 'Hamlet and the Oedipal Complex', , accessed November 21. Felluga, Dino (2006), 'Castration Complex', http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/psychoanalysis/definitions/castration.html>, accessed November 21. Hylton, Jeremy (2006), 'The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark', , accessed November 22.

All About Speciation

All About Speciation Evolution is most usually defined as a change in a population of a species over time through the accumulation of adaptations that are acted upon by natural selection. That may be a mouth full and nearly impossible to truly understand if there is not a full grasp on what a species actually is or how one changes over time. Sure, things change, but what makes them change? How does that affect other species? How long does it all take? Here we will shed some light on these questions and others like them about how evolution and speciation works. Definition of Species Perhaps the most important thing to be understood before truly grasping the idea of speciation and evolution is correctly defining the word species. Most books and reference materials will define the word species as a group of individual organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring. While this definition is a good starting place, lets examine why it may not be quite  as accurate as it should be. First of all, there are many species out there that are asexual. This means there is no real interbreeding happening within those species. Any unicellular organism would be asexual. Some other types of fungi also produce their own spores for asexual reproduction. Some plants can also self-pollinate meaning they also do not interbreed. Do these species undergo speciation and ultimately evolution? The short answer to this question is yes, they do. However, while evolution is usually driven by natural selection, natural selection cannot work on a gene pool that does not have any variation. Offspring of an asexual organism are essentially clones and have no traits that are different within the entire population. However, some changes at the microevolutionary level may occur. Spontaneous DNA mutations are one way new genes can enter the picture and natural selection then has diversity to work on within that species. Eventually, those mutations and adaptations add up if they are favorable and the species changes. Another problem with the basic definition of a species is the existence of what are known as hybrids. Hybrids are offspring of two different species, like how mating a horse with a donkey gives a mule. Some hybrids are sterile, which is sort of taken care of with the viable offspring part of the original species definition. However, many other hybrids are capable of producing their own offspring. This is especially true in plants. Biologists do not agree on a single definition of the term species. Depending on the context, the word species may be defined in more than a dozen different ways. Scientists often choose a definition that fits their needs or combines several to take care of that problem. For the majority of evolution biologists, the general definition above usually suits their purposes, although alternate definitions may be used to explain various parts of the Theory of Evolution. Definition of Speciation Now that a basic definition of species has been decided, it is possible to define the term speciation. Much like a family tree, the tree of life has several branches that show where species change and become new species. The point on the tree where a species change is called speciation. Using the definition of species above, it is when the new organisms can no longer interbreed with the original organisms in nature and produce viable offspring. At that point, they are now a new species and speciation has occurred. On a phylogenetic tree, speciation is the point on the tree where the branches diverge from one another. The farther back on the tree the branches diverge, the less closely they are related to one another. Points, where the branches are closer together, means those species recently diverged from each other. How Does Speciation Occur? Most of the time, speciation occurs through divergent evolution. Divergent evolution is when a species becomes less similar and changes into new species. The original species that branches off is then known as the most recent common ancestor of the new species. That is the process that causes speciation, but what triggers divergent evolution? Charles Darwin described the mechanism of evolution which he called natural selection. The basic idea behind natural selection is that species undergo changes and accumulate adaptations that are favorable for their environments. After enough adaptations have built up, the species is no longer the same as it was and speciation has occurred. Where do these changes come from? Microevolution is the changing of the species on a molecular level like with DNA mutations. If they are significant mutations, they will cause adaptations that may or may not be favorable for their environment. Natural selection will work on these individuals and the ones with the most favorable adaptations survive to create the new species. Changes in species can also happen on a larger scale. Macroevolution examines those changes. One of the most common causes of speciation is called geographic isolation. This is when a population of a species is separated from the original population and over time, the two populations accumulate different adaptations and undergo speciation. If they were brought back together after the speciation has happened, they will no longer be able to interbreed and are therefore not the same species anymore. Sometimes speciation happens because of reproductive isolation. Unlike geographic isolation, the population is still together in the same area, but something causes some of the individuals to no longer be able to mate and produce offspring with the original species. This could be something along the lines of a change in mating season or a different mating ritual. In some cases, males and females of the species have special colors or distinct markings. If these mating indicators were to change, the original species may no longer recognize the new individuals as potential mates. There are four types of speciation. Allopatric speciation and peripatric speciation are caused by geographic isolation. Parapatric speciation and sympatic speciation are the other two types and are generally due to reproductive isolation. How Speciation Affects Other Species Speciation of one species can affect the evolution of other species if they have a close relationship in an ecosystem. When populations of different species come together to form a community, they often depend on each other in some way for survival or to make life easier. This is especially apparent in food webs and food chains and in particular predator and prey relationships. If one of these species were to change, other species may also need to change. An example of this coevolution or cospeciation could be the speed of a prey species. The prey may accumulate adaptations that create larger leg muscles to help them run faster. If the predator does not adapt, it may starve. Therefore, only faster predators, or perhaps stealthier predators, will survive to pass down their favorable adaptations to their offspring. That means since the prey evolved or became a new species, the predator had to also evolve or change.

The Emotionally Abused Population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Emotionally Abused Population - Essay Example By seriously addressing and analyzing each of these issues, not only will we be able to see the current state of the emotionally abused population, but as well will be able to better recognize and understand about the solutions that can be sought and hoped for in the future. The aim of this paper is to do this, as well as discuss any and all other key and related issues. This is what will be dissertated in the following. The 'emotionally abused population' is a term which basically refers to just what it sounds like - the percentage of people in the world who would be medically classified as being emotionally abused. Emotional abuse can be caused by many different things and people, and in many different ways, and the worst part of all is that most of the time, people do not even realize that they have been or are being emotionally abused until it is too late. Emotional abuse "refers to a long-term situation in which one person uses his or her power or influence to adversely affect the mental well-being of another. Emotional abuse can appear in a variety of forms, including rejection, degradation, isolation, corruption, exploitation, and invoking terror" (Evans, 1996). There are many different indicators which may be a sign that a person is suffering from emotional abuse, and this includes that of the following: depression, withdrawal, low self-esteem, severe anxiety, fearfulness, failure to be able to establish a mutually acceptable manner in which to manage differences, failure to thrive in infancy, aggression, emotional instability, sleep disturbances, extreme dependence, and inability to trust, for example - there are many more. However, some persons who suffer from emotional abuse actually tend to show no signs at all, and this can be frustrating because it can thus often be basically impossible to notice whether or not someone is suffering from emotional abuse. Only a few studies actually have been able to provide any worthwhile insight into the matter of the prevalence of emotional abuse in North America, let alone the rest of the world, and there are many different reasons for this. The subject of emotional abuse is actually quite hard to research, for several different reasons in particular, including: in comparison to other forms of abuse, its effects have only recently been recognized; there are no consistent definitions and it is quite hard to define; it is difficult to detect, assess, and substantiate; and the majority of emotional abuse cases go unreported, thus resulting in a lacking of substantial evidence and data. However, there is a quite significant amount of statistical data which has been attained over the past few years in regards to emotional abuse, and in one study in particular, it was shown that "77 percent of women reported emotional abuse in combination with physical abuse81 percent of male respondents reported that they had psychologically abused a female partnerandthat

The process of growth and thus there is no optimum size of firm Essay

The process of growth and thus there is no optimum size of firm - Essay Example The economic theory believes in the premise that an organization would exponentially increase in size and shape if its growth and development regimes are in line with its requirements and desires in the long run. This brings to mind the debate that the process of growth is essentially linked with its success, both within the short term equation as well as in the long run scheme of things (Napach 1998). It is easily deducible from the said perspective that there is no optimum size of the firm but it is a relative matter nonetheless. The focus must remain on the manner in which the firm if growing to make it sound as big rather than going by the sheer size. The international and regional contexts of the firm are very important to understand because this is a sign of expansion and growth which are very appreciable within the thick of things. Thus the argument that the process of growth is linked with the firm in terms of its expansion and development seems valid yet devoid of its optimum size at the same time. This is because firms like to associate their own selves with the growing demands of the business rather than opening up offices which are neither manageable nor controllable. There is a dire need to comprehend that a firm will only grow if it wants to grow from its own roots, rather than banking on realms which are non-essential for its own basis. Size is therefore a by-product of a firm’s growth and is just a matter of the dimensions which are present within the context of the firm itself. These are hailed as trivial and have no role whatsoever in its growth and development regimes (Penrose 1995). The argument seems logical because a firm would only depend on its resources to get it to a position where it was never a part of, rather than depending a great deal on the aspects which would increase its size, which remains to be seen as a major force to reckon with in the changing